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174 GNU make

‘No rule to make target ‘xxx’.’

‘No rule to make target ‘xxx’, needed by ‘yyy’.’

This means that make decided it needed to build a target, but then couldn’t ﬁnd

any instructions in the makeﬁle on how to do that, either explicit or implicit

(including in the default rules database).

If you want that ﬁle to be built, you will need to add a rule to your makeﬁle

describing how that target can be built. Other possible sources of this problem

are typos in the makeﬁle (if that ﬁle name is wrong) or a corrupted source tree

(if that ﬁle is not supposed to be built, but rather only a prerequisite).

‘No targets specified and no makefile found. Stop.’

‘No targets. Stop.’

The former means that you didn’t provide any targets to be built on the com-

mand line, and make couldn’t ﬁnd any makeﬁles to read in. The latter means

that some makeﬁle was found, but it didn’t contain any default goal and none

was given on the command line. GNU make has nothing to do in these situa-

tions. See Section 9.1 [Arguments to Specify the Makeﬁle], page 99.

‘Makefile ‘xxx’ was not found.’

‘Included makefile ‘xxx’ was not found.’

A makeﬁle speciﬁed on the command line (ﬁrst form) or included (second form)

was not found.

‘warning: overriding recipe for target ‘xxx’’

‘warning: ignoring old recipe for target ‘xxx’’

GNU make allows only one recipe to be speciﬁed per target (except for double-

colon rules). If you give a recipe for a target which already has been deﬁned to

have one, this warning is issued and the second recipe will overwrite the ﬁrst.

See Section 4.10 [Multiple Rules for One Target], page 35.

‘Circular xxx <- yyy dependency dropped.’

This means that make detected a loop in the dependency graph: after tracing

the prerequisite yyy of target xxx, and its prerequisites, etc., one of them

depended on xxx again.

‘Recursive variable ‘xxx’ references itself (eventually). Stop.’

This means you’ve deﬁned a normal (recursive) make variable xxx that, when

it’s expanded, will refer to itself (xxx). This is not allowed; either use simply-

expanded variables (‘:=’ or ‘::=’) or use the append operator (‘+=’). See

Chapter 6 [How to Use Variables], page 59.

‘Unterminated variable reference. Stop.’

This means you forgot to provide the proper closing parenthesis or brace in

your variable or function reference.

‘insufficient arguments to function ‘xxx’. Stop.’

This means you haven’t provided the requisite number of arguments for this

function. See the documentation of the function for a description of its argu-

ments. See Chapter 8 [Functions for Transforming Text], page 83.

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